Can a Down Syndrome Woman Have a Baby

Down's syndrome is a condition in which a person has an extra chromosome.

What is Down's syndrome?

Down's syndrome is a condition in which a person has an actress chromosome. Chromosomes are small-scale "packages" of genes in the body. They determine how a babe's body forms and functions as it grows during pregnancy and after birth. Typically, a baby is born with 46 chromosomes. Babies with Down syndrome have an extra copy of one of these chromosomes, chromosome 21. A medical term for having an actress re-create of a chromosome is 'trisomy.' Downwardly syndrome is also referred to as Trisomy 21. This extra copy changes how the baby'due south trunk and encephalon develop, which tin cause both mental and physical challenges for the baby.

Even though people with Down's syndrome might act and expect like, each person has dissimilar abilities. People with Down's syndrome usually have an IQ (a measure out of intelligence) in the mildly-to-moderately low range and are slower to speak than other children.

Some common physical features of Down syndrome include:

• A flattened face up, especially the bridge of the nose
• Almond-shaped optics that slant up
• A short neck
• Small ears
• A natural language that tends to stick out of the mouth
• Tiny white spots on the iris (colored part) of the eye
• Small easily and feet
• A single line beyond the palm of the hand (palmar crease)
• Small pinky fingers that sometimes curve toward the thumb
• Poor muscle tone or loose joints
• Shorter in height as children and adults

How Many Babies are Born with Down syndrome?

Down syndrome remains the most mutual chromosomal status diagnosed in the U.s.a.. Each year, near 6,000 babies born in the United States have Down syndrome. This means that Down syndrome occurs in about 1 in every 700 babies.¹

Types of Down's syndrome

There are three types of Downwards syndrome. People frequently tin can't tell the difference between each blazon without looking at the chromosomes because the concrete features and behaviors are similar.

• Trisomy 21: About 95% of people with Down syndrome have Trisomy 21.² With this type of Down syndrome, each cell in the body has 3 dissever copies of chromosome 21 instead of the usual two copies.
• Translocation Down syndrome: This type accounts for a minor percent of people with Down syndrome (about 3%).² This occurs when an extra office or a whole extra chromosome 21 is present, but it is attached or "trans-located" to a different chromosome rather than existence a separate chromosome 21.
• Mosaic Downwardly syndrome: This blazon affects about ii% of the people with Down syndrome.² Mosaic means mixture or combination. For children with mosaic Downwardly syndrome, some of their cells take 3 copies of chromosome 21, but other cells have the typical ii copies of chromosome 21. Children with mosaic Down syndrome may take the same features as other children with Down syndrome. Still, they may have fewer features of the condition due to the presence of some (or many) cells with a typical number of chromosomes.

Causes and Risk Factors

• The extra chromosome 21 leads to the concrete features and developmental challenges that can occur among people with Down syndrome. Researchers know that Down syndrome is caused by an actress chromosome, just no one knows for sure why Down syndrome occurs or how many different factors play a office.
• One factor that increases the risk for having a baby with Down syndrome is the mother'due south historic period. Women who are 35 years or older when they get significant are more than likely to have a pregnancy afflicted by Down syndrome than women who get pregnant at a younger age.^3-vEven so, the majority of babies with Down syndrome are born to mothers less than 35 years former, considering in that location are many more births amongst younger women.^{half dozen,7}

Diagnosis

There are 2 basic types of tests available to detect Down syndrome during pregnancy: screening tests and diagnostic tests. A screening test can tell a adult female and her healthcare provider whether her pregnancy has a lower or higher take a chance of having Downward syndrome. Screening tests do non provide an absolute diagnosis, but they are safer for the mother and the developing baby. Diagnostic tests can typically detect whether or not a baby will take Down syndrome, simply they can be more risky for the mother and developing baby. Neither screening nor diagnostic tests can predict the total touch on of Down syndrome on a baby; no ane can predict this.

Screening Tests

Screening tests often include a combination of a blood test, which measures the amount of diverse substances in the mother's blood (eastward.one thousand., MS-AFP, Triple Screen, Quad-screen), and an ultrasound, which creates a picture of the infant. During an ultrasound, 1 of the things the technician looks at is the fluid behind the babe'due south neck. Actress fluid in this region could indicate a genetic problem. These screening tests tin can help determine the baby's risk of Down syndrome. Rarely, screening tests can give an abnormal result fifty-fifty when there is cipher wrong with the babe. Sometimes, the test results are normal and yet they miss a problem that does exist.

Diagnostic Tests

Diagnostic tests are unremarkably performed after a positive screening test in order to confirm a Down syndrome diagnosis. Types of diagnostic tests include:

• Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)—examines textile from the placenta
• Amniocentesis—examines the amniotic fluid (the fluid from the sac surrounding the baby)
• Percutaneous umbilical blood sampling (PUBS)—examines blood from the umbilical string

These tests look for changes in the chromosomes that would point a Down syndrome diagnosis.

Other Health Bug

Many people with Down syndrome have the common facial features and no other major birth defects. Withal, some people with Downwards syndrome might have one or more major nascence defects or other medical problems. Some of the more than common health problems among children with Down syndrome are listed below.⁸

• Hearing loss
• Obstructive slumber apnea, which is a status where the person's breathing temporarily stops while asleep
• Ear infections
• Eye diseases
• Middle defects present at nativity

Health care providers routinely monitor children with Down's syndrome for these weather condition.

Treatments

Down syndrome is a lifelong condition. Services early in life will oftentimes assistance babies and children with Down syndrome to improve their physical and intellectual abilities. Well-nigh of these services focus on helping children with Down's syndrome develop to their full potential. These services include speech, occupational, and physical therapy, and they are typically offered through early intervention programs in each state. Children with Down syndrome may also need extra help or attending in school, although many children are included in regular classes.

Other Resources

The views of these organizations are their own and exercise not reflect the official position of CDC.

• Down Syndrome Enquiry Foundation (DSRF)external icon
  DSRF initiates inquiry studies to better empathise the learning styles of those with Down's syndrome.
• Global Down syndrome Foundationexternal icon
  This foundation is dedicated to significantly improving the lives of people with Down's syndrome through research, medical care, educational activity and advocacy.
• National Association for Down Syndromeexternal icon
  The National Association for Down Syndrome supports all persons with Down's syndrome in achieving their full potential. They seek to help families, educate the public, address social issues and challenges, and facilitate active participation.
• National Down syndrome Club (NDSS)external icon
  NDSS seeks to increment awareness and acceptance of those with Down syndrome.

References

1. Mai CT, Isenburg JL, Canfield MA, Meyer RE, Correa A, Alverson CJ, Lupo PJ, Riehle‐Colarusso T, Cho SJ, Aggarwal D, Kirby RS. National population‐based estimates for major birth defects, 2010–2014. Birth Defects Research. 2019; 111(xviii): 1420-1435.
2. Shin M, Siffel C, Correa A. Survival of children with mosaic Down syndrome. Am J Med Genet A. 2010;152A:800-1.
3. Allen EG, Freeman SB, Druschel C, et al. Maternal historic period and risk for trisomy 21 assessed past the origin of chromosome nondisjunction: a report from the Atlanta and National Down syndrome Projects. Hum Genet. 2009 February;125(1):41-52.
4. Ghosh S, Feingold E, Dey SK. Etiology of Down syndrome: Show for consequent clan among altered meiotic recombination, nondisjunction, and maternal historic period across populations. Am J Med Genet A. 2009 Jul;149A(vii):1415-20.
5. Sherman SL, Allen EG, Edible bean LH, Freeman SB. Epidemiology of Down's syndrome. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2007;13(iii):221-7.
6. Adams MM, Erickson JD, Layde PM, Oakley GP. Down's syndrome. Recent trends in the U.s.. JAMA. 1981 Aug 14;246(vii):758-60.
7. Olsen CL, Cross PK, Gensburg LJ, Hughes JP. The furnishings of prenatal diagnosis, population ageing, and irresolute fertility rates on the live nativity prevalence of Down's syndrome in New York State, 1983-1992. Prenat Diagn. 1996 Nov;16(11):991-1002.
8. Bull MJ, the Commission on Genetics. Health supervision for children with Downward syndrome. Pediatrics. 2011;128:393-406.

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Source: https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/downsyndrome.html

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